There are ten major races in Galactic Civilizations II and one custom race slot:
- The Terran Alliance
- The Yor Collective
- The Drengin Empire
- The Altarian Republic
- The Drath Legion
- The Torian Confederation
- The Arcean Empire
- The Dominion of Korx
- The Iconian Refuge
- The Thalan Empire
- The Korath Clan (DA and TA Only)
- The Krynn Consulate (DA and TA Only)
All but the last four races were in Altarian Prophecy as well.
There are also a variety of minor races, including:
- The Akilians
- The Andians
- The Arvanitians
- The Carinoids
- The Dark Yor
- The Debians
- The Fundamentalists
- The Furan
- The I-League
- The Jagged Knife
- The Jarkians
- The Jessuins
- The LentzLandians
- The Paridians
- The Paulos
- The Sanderons
- The Sanderians
- The Snathi
- The Scottlingas
- The Vegans
- The Venge
- The Windischians
Additionally, there is the League of Independent Systems, or I-League
Lastly, there are the precursors, the Arnor and the Dread Lords.
Each preset race has a distinct combination of AI, personality, and built-in race bonuses. The Korx, for instance, are all about money, and thus have an economic bonus. The Terrans are excellent diplomats, the Drengin have superb ships and soldiers, and the Yor have very loyal populations.